Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment

The objectives of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Initiative are to enhance protection of vulnerable and unique marine ecosystems of the second longest barrier reef in the world and to assist the countries involved to strengthen and coordinate national policies, regulations, and institutional arrangements for marine ecosystem conservation and sustainable use. Assessing the condition of coral reefs is an essential part of the groundwork for integrating conservation and management strategies for these ecosystems. The established methodology of the Atlantic and Gulf Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program provides an ideal approach to meeting the regional objectives for the MBRS and formed the framework for this AGRRA-MBRS Workshop. The AGRRA Program was developed to provide a regional perspective on the extent of coral reef declines in the Western Atlantic. Training participants in applying the AGRRA Protocol is important for capacity building, as well as ensuring that assessments made by different teams are comparable. For these reasons, we organized this training workshop to promote consistency and comparability.

The goal of the AGRRA-MBRS Workshop was to build capacity within the countries of Central America on ways to implement the AGRRA standardized method of rapid reef assessment as a basis for research, conservation, management and selection of monitoring sites. The objectives were to:

1. Train participants in the use of the AGRRA Rapid Assessment Protocol and the analysis of results.

4. Demonstrate how assessments can be used to identify potential protected areas, guide decisions on management and zoning, and select sites for monitoring.

Significance of workshop

This workshop represented a step forward for the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Initiative by introducing AGRRA as a synthesized scientific approach to surveying the reef resources of this unique system. The workshop achieved two needs – building the capacity of scientists and managers and improving coordination between countries by bringing together scientists and managers from different parts of the Caribbean and Latin America. We focused on selecting participants from the MBRS region and surrounding countries to emphasize the necessity of coordination among countries, particularly those having shared and interconnected resources. This intensive five-day workshop combined numerous field exercises, presentations, hands-on data analysis, and discussions and provided the opportunity for scientific and personal interaction. Everyone learned not only from the workshop leaders but also from fellow colleagues.

Workshop Overview

The workshop was held on May 17-21, 1999 at the Akumal Resort in Akumal, Mexico. The facilities were well suited for a workshop particularly because lodging, restaurant, workshop room, dive shop, and dive/snorkel spots were all located within the same compound, allowing for easy access and maximum time management. Workshop participants consisted of seven representatives from Mexico, five from Belize, three from Hondurans, two from Cuba, one from Columbia, and one from Costa Rica (see Appendix for list of participants). Several of the participants were familiar with AGRRA and one had attended the 1998 AGRRA meeting in Miami.

The first day of the workshop consisted of a combination of presentations and discussions on the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Protocol as a standardized, regional approach to the rapid assessment of reef condition. The next four days consisted of intensive theoretical and hands-on training and application of the AGRRA methodology. A major component of the field training focused on how to maintain data accuracy and consistency among observers. For field activities, the group of 23 was divided into two subgroups that were kept small to promote a good learning environment. Dive buddies were paired up to facilitate exchange of scientific expertise, and to allow scientists from different countries to interact with, and learn from each other. Workshop leaders led each subgroup through two-three daily scientific diving or snorkeling exercises for three days. The entire group also met together at least once every day to discuss and review the results of the activities and to answer questions or concerns about the methodology. These discussions included topics such as distinguishing between “old” and “recently” dead corals or between algal turfs and macroalgae, recognizing coral colony boundaries, correctly identifying coral and fish species and, where prudently possible, determining causes of recent coral mortality (for more details see the accompanying AGGRA training manual). Video footage taken during the dives was used for the review sessions, and to share with the rest of the group. During the last two days, time was dedicated to hands-on classroom activities that demonstrated how to analyze AGRRA data with customized spreadsheets that were designed to help standardize data analysis and interpretation and coordinate data management. Participants also participated in a special session on coral reef educational activities.

Pre-workshop activities

To prepare for the workshop, we conducted a pre-workshop survey to identify participants and establish contact, further develop workshop and training methods to meet their needs, and gather background information to use in workshop activities. Background information collected included the applicant’s level of knowledge on coral species, fish species, algal groups, data analysis, and scientific experience. In addition, potential participants provided explanations of their interest in the workshop, the AGRRA program, and the potential for applying AGRRA. We had more applications for the workshop than we could accommodate, so we requested the assistance of in-country experts to help select outstanding, qualified candidates who were considered the most likely to implement the information they used at the workshop. A total of 23 participants were selected. A key component to the pre-workshop planning included preparing the participants for the workshop activities by providing copies and explanations of the AGRRA methodology and several exercises to practice estimating coral mortality and algal abundance. The goal was to ensure participants were familiar with the AGRRA protocol, coral species identification (major reef building corals), distinguishing between turf, coralline, and macroalgae, and fish species identification. Most of this information was made available through our website (http://www.agrra.org), through our internet network, and through the REEF website (http://reef.org). We sent some participants CD-ROM copies of Paul Humann’s corals and fish field guides to assist with species identifications. In addition, we conducted a site visit to Akumal to select a host location for the Workshop in the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, determine field logistics, and develop local partners and sponsorships.

Workshop materials

A bilingual training manual was produced and distributed to participants and included step by step explanations of the AGRRA methodology and necessary datasheets, methods to analyze and manage data, and examples of how to use data collected to assist reef management efforts. A training video was produced, and used as a training tool during the workshop. AGRRA tool kits were prepared and provided for participants to use at the workshop and to take home with them. The Tool Kits contained the necessary field equipment to conduct AGRRA assessments including benthic and fish transect lines, meter sticks, quadrats, datasheets and clipboards, as well as example spreadsheet programs for data analysis. Because attendance was greater than initially planned, there were not enough tool kits for each person to take home; therefore, we asked those people who worked in the same place to share.

Workshop Activities

AGRRA as a regional scientific approach to the MBRS

Assessing the condition of coral reefs is an essential part of the groundwork for integrating conservation and management strategies for these important ecosystems. The established methodology of the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment Program provides an ideal approach to the regional initiative for the MBRS and formed the framework for the workshop. Topics of discussion included how AGRRA (1) is a cost-efficient yet effective method to rapidly assess the condition of reefs over large areas; (2) provides comparable data to be incorporated into an integrated and shared database; (3) provides a regional baseline inventory of reef distribution and condition; (4) provides groundtruth data for benthic habitat mapping and inventory of coastal resources; and (5) can be used to assist management and conservation efforts including the selection of a regional network of marine protected areas. In addition, we discussed the importance of regional approaches to scientific assessments and how AGRRA can be used as a tool to rapidly inventory reef resources of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. Time was dedicated to explaining the differences between assessment and monitoring techniques including the time, effort, and monetary cost differences. We also emphasized how AGRRA assessments are designed to complement existing survey programs.

The Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) Program was developed to provide a regional perspective on the extent of coral reef declines in the Western Atlantic. AGRRA is an international collaboration of reef scientists and managers whose goal is to assess the condition of reef-building corals and fish throughout the Western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Over the past four years, with the collaboration of numerous colleagues, a Protocol was developed and tested which can be used to identify end-member condition and provide comparison between similar reefs subject to different impacts, for example, natural vs. anthropogenic. The AGRRA method is designed to obtain an overview of large areas of reefs within relatively short periods of time in order to establish a baseline of current condition. The ultimate goal is to collect enough standardized and comparable baseline data to determine regional condition and begin to develop hypotheses on the causes of regional decline. It is necessary to emphasize that this rapid assessment protocol is not intended to replace any existing, local, regional (e.g., CARICOMP, CPACC), or global (e.g., GCRMN, Reef Check) monitoring protocols.

AGRRA was specifically designed to take in the regional specific characteristics of the western Atlantic. We know there are complex relationships between corals, fish and algae, but the details of these interactions are not well understood. When changes occur in the community dynamics of one of these components (e.g., algal abundance), the other two components are affected as well and natural relationships can be disrupted. To determine if this balance has been shifted, the AGRRA Protocol examines 1) the partial or total mortality of major reef-building corals by species and size; 2) the balance between the major algal types – turf, macroalgae, and crustose coralline algae; and 3) the diversity of fishes and the abundances and sizes of key species of fish. Although the AGRRA method does not attempt to distinguish between cause and effect of reef condition, data gathered can be used to help develop hypotheses on trends of reef decline. The results will provide new information on the extent and distribution of declines; they can contribute to the distinction between anthropogenic vs. natural impacts; and they can identify those reefs, which deserve special efforts for conservation. More information on AGRRA and the method can be downloaded from the Internet.

AGRRA assessments have already been conducted in parts of Cayman Islands, Cuba, Bahamas, Bonaire, Brazil, Florida Keys, Flower Garden Banks, Honduras, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Turks and Caiços, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Venezuela. The target date for completion for assessing reefs throughout the entire Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico is the end of the year 2001.

AGRRA capacity building and consistency training

A main theme of the workshop was the need for capacity building and consistency training. Throughout the MBRS and the western Atlantic as a whole, the coastal marine environment provides important resources that are being managed at various levels of effectiveness. Although some countries have the capacity and infrastructure to manage their resources, many nations are still unable to provide effective coastal zone management, particularly of coral reef systems. AGRRA aims to help build in-country capacity and collaboration by conducting hands-on, interactive workshops to train local resource managers and scientists to assess reef condition using a standardized method, to promote effective and responsible management efforts using this scientific information, and to improve collaboration and information sharing within and between the countries. The workshops also help identify and select leaders throughout the region to oversee the implementation of the AGRRA surveys and review and synthesize the condition of reef areas that have already been assessed.

Currently there are several different approaches to assessing coral reefs, not only among the four MBRS countries, but also within each country. The AGRRA methodology provides a single method in which to obtain comparable data. Since the AGRRA method relies mainly on visual census, it is important to minimize individual bias among observers. Therefore, this training workshop focused on ways to standardize methods prior to data collection. All participants were trained in the AGRRA method and consistency exercises were conducted to minimize differences in visual estimates and build consistency between observer estimates. Details of the consistency training activities are given in a following section.

An additional theme of the workshop was using AGRRA data for management purposes. Managers of coral reef resources must frequently find quick answers to questions about the current status of coral communities, the extent and patterns of decline in corals or fishes, where to locate monitoring sites, and the extent of impact due to hurricanes, bleaching, or diseases. They often need to know:

· Which reefs are being overgrown and dominated by fleshy macroalgae (i.e., is there a community shift from coral dominated to macroalgal dominated)?

· Which reefs have lost important herbivorous and commercially significant fish species?

When major disturbance events like hurricanes and bleaching occur, managers and scientists need to be prepared to quantify the loss or damage in order to provide a rapid response or conclusion on the extent and distribution of impact as well as identify those areas that were not affected. Regardless of whether the impacts will be acute or chronic, the first answers required are their extent and severity (i.e., is bleaching of corals transient or lethal?, how large of an area was affected?, What is the incidence and intensity of coral disease?). We had several presentations and discussions on how AGRRA surveys are an effective approach to answering these questions by providing information for establishing baseline data on reef condition, groundtruthing benthic habitat maps, identifying reefs for marine protected areas, and developing zoning and management plans.

AGRRA Field methods

The majority of workshop time was dedicated to teaching participants the AGRRA method and providing hands-on activities to practice and improve their skills. Participants were trained on how to conduct the three core components of AGRRA: (1) condition of hard corals, (2) composition of algal communities, and (3) abundance and size of fishes. Participants learned to assess the condition of coral communities by examining the amount of recent and old partial coral mortality, the spatial and temporal extent of mortality, relationship of population dynamics and mortality, and potential causes of mortality such as disease, bleaching, sedimentation, and algal overgrowth. Participants learned to assess algal communities by determining the relative abundance of three principal algal types (macro, turf, coralline) and estimating macroalgal height. Participants learned how to conduct fish surveys to determine the diversity of fish populations and the status (abundance and size) of commercially significant species (e.g., groupers, snappers), important grazers (parrotfish, blue tangs), and indicator species. Following is an abbreviated version of the AGRRA method:

Select representative reefs using all available information (benthic maps, aerial photographs, nautical charts, manta-tow surveys, and local knowledge). SITES should be chosen on the selected REEF in the areas of maximum reef development. We recommend choosing SITES in the 1-5 m depth range and in the 8-15 m depth range.

1. At each SITE, haphazardly lay the 10 m transect line in a direction parallel to the long axis of the reef. Make sure the line is stretched taut.

2. Approximate coral cover to the nearest 10 cm by estimating how many meters of the line overlie live coral.

3. Assess each coral (> 25 cm diameter) which is beneath the 10 m transect line. Record:

4. After completing the corals, use a 25 X 25 cm quadrat to estimate relative algal abundance at the 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 m intervals. Avoid large invertebrates when placing the quadrat. For each quadrat, record the following:

5. After completing the quadrats, count any Diadema that can be seen in a 1 m belt along the transect line (e.g. count Diadema in a 1x10 m belt transect).

6. Reposition transect line haphazardly, at least 1 m laterally away from the previous position. Repeat the above steps for each transect.

1. Start a transect by dropping the weighted end of the 30 m transect tape, and then swimming the transect line as a 2 m wide belt transect. Carry the T-bar ahead of you and pointing down at about 45 degrees to provide constant reference to help estimate the 2m width. Try to swim in a straight line, along a depth contour focusing your attention a few meters ahead of you. Count ALL SPECIES of the following families: grouper, snapper, grunt, parrotfish, surgeonfish, triggerfish, angelfish, and butterflyfish, EXCEPT FOR grunts or parrotfishes less than 5 cm in length. ALSO COUNT the following five species: yellowtail damselfish (Microspathodon chrysurus), hogfish (Lacholaimus maximus), Spanish hogfish (Bodianus rufus), barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) and bar jack (Caranx ruber).

2. Estimate the size of each fish and assign each to one of the following size categories (<5 cm, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, >40cm) using a 1 m T-bar with 5 cm increments for scale.

4. Continue conducting 30 m transects, at least 5 m laterally away from the previous position. Repeat the above steps for each transect.

6. After finishing the belt transects (or concurrently depending on the number of surveyors), in the same general area, conduct a roving diver census of ALL SPECIES of fishes following the methodology of REEF.

Standardization activities for AGRRA field methods

We had several exercises to train observers on the AGRRA method, build consistency among observer estimates, and minimize differences in visual estimates prior to data collection. The goal of the “consistency training” was for participants to correctly identify coral and fish species, distinguish recent versus old coral mortality, estimate percentages of coral mortality and algal abundance, and correctly estimate fish numbers and sizes. The following sections provide an overview of these consistency training exercises.

For assessing coral condition, differences in observer estimates can arise from differences in coral nomenclature, delineating what constitutes a coral colony, estimating the percent coral mortality, distinguishing between old and recent mortality, and determining the potential causes of any recent mortality. Variable size estimates are usually attributed to differences in defining colony boundaries. To build consistency and accuracy with coral sampling, classroom and field exercises focused on:

Coral identification- To avoid differences or ambiguities of common names, while still recognizing that several different systems of nomenclature are in current use by reef researchers, a species list of the major reef building corals of the Caribbean was provided to participants (Appendix 2). This list represents the Caribbean species that are the primary focus of the AGRRA analysis i.e., those that contribute most to reef building. Both classroom and field time was dedicated to helping participants correctly identify these coral species.

Estimating recent and old mortality – Participants examined numerous slides and photographs of examples of what AGRRA means by “recent” and “old” mortality in order to distinguish between the two. While in the field, team leaders pointed out examples of recent and old mortality.

Colony boundaries - Slide shows were given to demonstrate the variation in coral colony growth form and morphology. Field exercises focused on how to distinguish colony boundaries, as they are recognized by AGRRA (i.e., AGRRA uses an ecological kind of definition for colony boundaries, rather than a physiological or genetic one) and emphasized the importance in ensuring coral size measurements were accurate and consistent.

Potential causes of recent mortality - To help understand coral condition, participants spent time observing slides, hearing lectures on the types of coral condition (e.g., diseases, bleaching, predation) and ways to standardize evaluations. Participants were cautioned not to attribute a cause of recent mortality unless they could positively and accurately identify the causative agent. While in the field, team leaders helped observers correctly identify coral condition and causes of recent mortality.

After classroom instruction, the participants conducted both snorkeling and diving field activities. For snorkeling exercises, team leaders first set up stations consisting of several tagged corals and evaluated their size, amount of mortality, and cause of recent mortality. At each station, observers identified each tagged coral, measured its height and width, estimated the amount of partial mortality, distinguished between old and recent, and tried to identify any unambiguous causes of recent mortality. As each coral was examined, observers compared their answers with their partner and team leaders and discussed any differences in estimates. A similar exercise was done while diving. For this, transect lines were laid out and each observer surveyed each transect for coral condition. After each coral was assessed, the observer compared answers with a team leader. Variation in data estimates were “discussed” underwater and additional exercises were done to minimize differences. Time for additional dives and exercises would have improved consistency and accuracy. After field activities were concluded, participants got together in the classroom to review the exercises and discuss any additional questions or topics.

For assessing algal quadrats, inconsistencies tend to be minimal but can occur. The algal exercises focused on building accuracy and consistency with:

While snorkeling or diving, a series of set algal quadrats were placed and evaluated by a team leader. For each algal quadrat, observers identified the three principal algal groups (crustose corallines, algal turfs and macroalgae) and estimated the abundance of each. After each quadrat was assessed, observers compared their answers with each other and with the team leader. The observers and team leader discussed their findings and reasons for differences in estimates. Leaders explained how it was important to look below any macroalgae to see if underlying turf algae or crustose coralline algae are growing directly on the substratum. Similarly, crustose coralline algae that are exposed to the overlying water column and photosynthetically active may be present beneath turf algae or thin layers of sediment. This exercise was repeated with several different sets of quadrats until there was high accuracy and consistency between observers.

The AGRRA fish method includes two different methods to characterize reef fish populations – a belt transect and a rover diver method. For fish sampling, biases are often due to difficulties arising from seeing fishes, accurately counting or estimating length, and differentiating among certain similar species. To standardize fish methods, classroom and field exercises focused on:

To learn how to effectively census mobile organisms such as fishes, AGRRA uses a method that imitates an instantaneous survey of a pre-defined area. Participants practiced the surveys focusing on delineating the pre-defined area and only counting those fish placed within that area, using a T-bar (1-m across with 5 cm increments) to help define the survey boundary as well as to assist in estimating fish lengths. We used a variety of fish models cut out of closed-cell foam into the different size classes. The fish models represented the shapes of the species included in the AGRRA survey. For one training exercise, snorkeling observers practiced fish counting and estimating fish size along a belt transect. Each observer had a T-bar, a 30-m transect tape, and a datasheet. A practice transect line was laid on the substratum and fish models were haphazardly placed along the transect with some models placed just outside the 2 m wide belt transect. Observers marked on their data sheet the size class for each fish (model) observed in the sample area. After completing the exercise, each observer compared the answers of all the observers with the correct fish lengths. The exercise was repeated until observers reached consistency between each other and their answers were within a couple of cm of the correct answers.

A second exercise was conducted while diving and focused on locating and counting fish within a transect belt, correctly identifying fish species, and estimating fish length. While diving, two observers (one hovered above the other) surveyed a 30 m transect at the same time (with one laying out the transect, but both collecting data). The data was then compared between the two observers and differences or problems were discussed. This approach was especially effective when one of the observers was already well trained and experienced at fish identification and size estimates.

Standardization activities for AGRRA data analysis and management

The fourth day focused on data analysis and data management. Participants learned through hands-on activities how to analyze and interpret AGRRA data. These activities involved:

· Entering data into standardized data analysis programs provided by the workshop leaders

We introduced three levels of data processing. Level I focused on determining means and standard deviations for the parameters measured. Level II was a more detailed look at size frequency distributions and mortality (at various spatial scales), and Level III included more detailed statistical comparisons between the data. For the workshop exercises, first level analyses were reviewed and practiced in detail. Since there are many ways to process and analyze data collected from AGRRA surveys, two pre-formatted Excel spreadsheet files were given to participants; the was the Benthic spreadsheet which is for processing and analyzing coral information (abundance, size, condition, etc.) and algal abundance and biomass and the second was the Fish spreadsheet to process and analyze data collected from the fish belt transects. Participants used these spreadsheets to process and analyze their own data collected on previous field training dives. The results of the analyzed data were then presented and discussed with the entire group.

Post Workshop Follow-up

After the workshop, we conducted a Workshop evaluation to determine the effectiveness of the workshop from the perspectives of the participants and the organizers. This evaluation will be provided to the participants. In addition, we have been maintaining frequent contact with the participants in order to provide assistance and information and to help facilitate AGRRA surveys. The best measure of the success of this Workshop is that many of the participants have lead or participated in subsequent AGRRA assessments in Cuba, Belize, Honduras, and Mexico.

Participant Evaluation Results

We asked participants to conduct an evaluation on the effectiveness of the workshop. The results of the workshop evaluation are provided below. Feedback from this evaluation will be used to improve future workshops.

A. Participants used the scale below to rank the following five statements.

5   =     outstanding
4   =     well above average
3   =     average
2   =     below average
1   =     deficient, needs improvement

B. Participants were asked to provide short responses to several questions regarding the workshop. The following answers are short summaries of the participant’s responses.

· The experience of investigators, the site and the aims were the greatest strengths

· The effectiveness of the instructors was reflected in the organization of the workshop and the diffusion of the knowledge, not only in the class but also in the field.

· The major success for me was the attention that each person got from the instructors in practicing and learning the AGGRA method, especially in the field activities. The instructors helped us learn in a manner that was clear and detailed.

· We always had excellent attention for all our needs in each of our requirements

· I thought the combination of outstanding classroom and fieldwork, together with the experience and dedication of the instructors.

· The proposed AGRRA method of assessing reefs is very complete, and allowed a better evaluation of the condition of the coral reef. In addition, the experience of the leaders and a good combination of fieldwork and theoretical classes added to the success.

· It was very nicely planned, the field exercises were illustrative of what was explained in the lectures and explanations and the teaching.

· At the start of the workshop, we had the manual that explained in detail the theoretically and practical aspects of the AGRRA method. The survey equipment we used in the training activities was always available in adequate number for all the working teams.

· Regarding evaluating corals, it was challenging to estimate recent mortality, measure the height of corals that fell over, and distinguish between colony boundaries. With the help of the instructors during the field exercises and with additional field practice, we overcame these challenges.

· I thought there was sufficient time and number of instructors to divide up the training.

· All of the time was filled with some lecture or activity; there was no wasted time.

· All of the participants took advantage of the activities and enjoyed the field training.

· The workshop was excellent; hopefully it will be possible to have additional workshops like these with support from the World Bank.

· All was good, except pica, pica (the swarm of stinging jellyfish larvae we encountered while diving).

· Sometimes there was not enough time to practice a few of the particular aspects of the AGRRA methodology in the field in detail.

· Regarding evaluating fishes, I did not encounter problems, but some participants had difficulties identifying species. We overcame this problem by using good field guides as well as assistance from experienced fish participants who helped other participants who needed it.

· Although it was not very important, some participants did not understand all the details when different leaders tried to explain them.

· Include some type of test to evaluate the effectiveness of each participant on AGRRA techniques and application.

· Include all species of fish in the fish assessments. Add more time for field activities to assess fish diversity, perhaps using the imaginary cylinder method.

4. Have you applied information and/or skills from the Workshop? Give specific examples.

· Yes, during the last two months we, at Cayos Cochinos have been applying the AGRRA Protocol to assess the condition of the Reserve reefs.

· After the workshop, we gave presentations to all the researchers and marine ecologists at Banco Chinchorro (Q.R. Yucatan), explaining each of the methods that we learned at the workshop for the AGRRA coral, algae, and fish assessments. We also had the opportunity to participate in an AGRRA assessment that they are doing in the Bacalar Chico Reserve in Belize. We also submitted together with the coral specialists of Bacalar Chico and another institution an ambitious project to monitor the Banco Chinchorro Reserve using AGRRA.

· Yes, I am applying the AGRRA techniques in field work for my master degree thesis.

· The AGRRA method is going to be implemented in the coral reefs of Xcalak, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Then it is also planed to include the AGRRA method in a network of monitoring the reefs of all of Quintana Roo.

· After the Akumal workshop, I gave a workshop on the AGRRA method to my students that were doing their thesis in biology. This informal workshop was also given in the field because my students needed to learn how to apply the methods for the program of GEBSAV (Modelos Geomorfologicos y Escenarios Bioticos del Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano). You can visit the website for more information (Http://members.xoom.com/JuanMV/gebsav.htm). My team applied the AGRRA method in Isla Verde, Veracruz and now we are going to apply it in Blanca Reef in the same reef system. The information will soon be published in this web page

The workshop organizers were asked to provide a critical, objective view on the overall outcome and effectiveness of the workshop. Below is an outline of their comments.

· Participants were trained in the use of the AGRRA Rapid Assessment Protocol and the analysis of results.

· Improved ability of participants to understand the AGRRA method and reef condition. Also improvements in species identification for fishes and corals, scientific survey techniques, and data analysis.

· Several leaders were identified to carry out AGRRA assessments in each of the countries.

· Many participants have already implemented or are in the process of implementing what they learned at the workshop. At least 7 participants have conducted AGRRA surveys since May and several others are in the planning process.

· The workshop promoted inter-country exchanges. There was a great deal of interaction between the participants, not only with people from their own country, but also with other countries. Participants have maintained communications with other participants and workshop leaders.

· Several discussions demonstrated how assessments can be used to identify potential protected areas, guide decisions on management and zoning and select sites for monitoring.

· The best measure of attention and effectiveness was the fact that our participants were still listening Friday evening, even though the workshop was supposed to end four hours earlier!

· The general public (tourists, hotel employees, dive shop employees) at the Akumal Resort also had the opportunity to be exposed to the purpose and goals of the workshop.

· Overall, high participant enthusiasm. Considering the intensity and rigor of the schedule, especially the field training, the participants enthusiastically and energetically participated in all activities and discussions.

· Contributions of participants. Participants took an active part in discussions and field activities. Participants also willingly assisted one another in discussions and field work.

· Participants diligently tried to master the protocols, at the same time as they tried to become proficient with distinguishing all the many perturbations that can affect reef corals.

· When making lodging and activity assignments, we tried to promote interaction between people from other countries. Towards the end of the workshop, we encouraged teams that would be conducting AGRRA surveys together to work on improving consistency between one another.

· Each evening a social hour was held to provide informal time for participants to interact and discuss. This gave us all a time to get to know each other.

· The workshop training manual and materials have been significantly improved over previous versions.

· Participants were provided with sufficient background information to understand the importance of each component, the need for these assessments, and how this material can feed back to coral reef managers.

· The AGRRA survey protocols and methodology were well thought out and explained in sufficient detail.

· Participants were provided with a well designed data entry program that makes standardization simple, and provides some key results that immediately illustrate the status of particular components.

· Participants were provided with key pieces of equipment needed to complete an AGRRA assessment.

· The use of fish models was a good training tool to help facilitate estimating size of fish.

· There was a good emphasis on the need for assessments, the difference between assessments and monitoring, and the difference between AGRRA assessments and existing monitoring techniques (e.g., CARICOMP). A number of the participants were already undertaking regular CARICOMP monitoring, and it was beneficial to discuss the benefits of AGRRA and what the information can tell you.

· The workshop leaders had varied backgrounds, and different specializations, and have each completed AGRRA assessments in different locations, allowing them to present a thorough overview of the protocol, application of the methodologies, and a discussion of potential problems or concerns. The only missing component was a fish specialist.

· The facilities were well suited for a workshop particularly because lodging, restaurant, workshop room, dive shop, and dive/snorkel spots were all located within the same compound, allowing for easy access and maximum time management.

· The dive shop was very efficient and helpful which facilitated the field training exercises.

· The site provided back reef areas with a relatively high diversity of corals and varied reef conditions. Hands on training was combined with detailed field discussions that were not possible on the fore reef.

· Coral reef community structure (diversity, abundance of corals and condition) varied among fore reef sites within a relatively small area, allowing participants to experience a wide spectrum of sampling that they may encounter on their own reefs; this also emphasized the importance of sampling scale needed to get an accurate local or regional perspective of reef condition.

· The high incidence of stressors (disease, bleaching, algal overgrowth, recent and old mortality etc.) on these reefs provided a good teaching tool for the causes of mortality, definitions of colony boundaries, and estimation of partial mortality.

· Funding was provided for the majority of participants by the World Bank and UNEP allowing participation from those that otherwise could not attend.

· Sponsorship and funding from other partners allowed us to accommodate more participants.

· The group was too large. Because of the group size, field time was limited and training abilities were constrained. The dive operators were also too conservative given the depth; their limits on bottom time reduced the time for practice exercises.

· Just prior to the workshop, we were asked to accommodate another World Bank meeting into our workshop. Some participants were inconvenienced by this because they were asked to miss certain sessions and because it disrupted the flow of the workshop activities.

· Our fish expert was not able to attend the workshop and we were unable to find a replacement in time. Although we were able to lead training exercises on estimating fish abundance and size, we were not able to provide as much assistance on fish diversity to the participants.

· As part of the standard AGRRA fish protocol, the REEF method is used to estimate fish diversity. In past workshops, we had a representative from REEF lead the discussions and field exercises for fish diversity. Since most of the information is not in Spanish, we were not able to practice the full REEF methodology for fish diversity in as much detail.

· Since participants did not have the same level of expertise in all fields, we had to rearrange some of the activities to accommodate this. Therefore not all discussions or activities could be completed.

· The group had a varied background and various levels of expertise. Although this hindered the training exercises in some cases, it also brought out some of the strengths and weaknesses of the session and the training materials. This forced the training team to step back and reexamine potential gaps in the methodology and areas requiring clarification (e.g., recent vs. old mortality; planar view to assess percentage of partial mortality; colony boundaries; algae types).

· There was a need for more standard transects performed by all buddy teams, and additional time to compare/discuss results. While some participants became fairly consistent in their results, others were very far off in terms of colony size and mortality estimates.

· A few participants did not recognize the significance and necessity for standardization and consistency at first and we had to continually emphasize the reasoning for this.

· Not all participants and leaders spoke and understood both English and Spanish, therefore we had to translate and it would not have been possible to conduct the workshop in just one language.

· The language barrier may have limited our ability to communicate effectively, however the translation was a key element (although this certainly slows things down).

· Given the depth and breadth of material we were covering, additional time would have been beneficial for lectures, discussions, and field exercises.

· Given the extra time needed for translation, we did not anticipate how much time it would take for translating when we scheduled activities; therefore, we had to delete some activities.

· Due to some unforeseen conditions in the workshop facilities, we had minor technical limitations with audio/visual presentations and adequate air conditioning.

· Add a section to the workshop manual explaining the SPECIFIC reasons for each of the "nonconventional" aspects of the actual protocol as compared to standard monitoring for biodiversity or coral cover.

· Some of the topics of discussion, primarily coral condition and the theory behind AGRRA were difficult to explain in such a short timeframe (1 week). Perhaps more background material ahead of time for the participants would help this.

· Avoid workshops in dual languages, choose one language to facilitate the workshop, and if necessary have separate workshops. Or provide audio equipment that gives simultaneous translations (if funding is available), although this may not have been possible with field activities.

· Collaborate with REEF to produce a Spanish version of their instructional materials and datasheets. We have talked with REEF about translating and producing the book, datasheets, and instructions for data processing, but funding is not currently available to do this. It is not expected that producing these items would take very long nor involve expensive costs, but they will be extremely beneficial to future workshops.

· If translations are necessary, ensure sufficient time for translations in the schedule

· Provide additional time for data analysis. The group had sufficient time to learn how to use the spread sheets, and get simple results (such as mean size, % mortality), but there is a need to demonstrate next steps (e.g., how to graph the data, the types of statistics that can be used to compare the data, how to interpret the results).

· Additional time needs to be devoted to becoming thoroughly familiarized with the causes of coral mortality. We are sending these people out as AGRRA experts to assess the status of their reefs, and to identify biological attributes that may be contributing to the loss of corals. There was still difficulty among some participants to identify signs of disease, or to differentiate bleaching from mortality.

· The workshop could benefit from two additional days. This would allow a much greater amount of time for additional field practice and analysis of results.

· Make sure the group is a manageable size for the proposed workshop schedule, activities, and number of trainers.

· The workshop may have been more effective or advanced if all of the participants were at or close to the same degree of knowledge and experience. This caused us to alter some of the training materials and activities, but was not a significant hindrance to the overall success of the workshop. In some ways it motivated those with more experience to help their colleagues. For future workshops, it should be made clear what the target workshop goals are (advance, introductory, or mixed) and the target audience should be chosen accordingly.

· Because these are intensive workshops, allot more time and budget into preparing participants prior to the workshop.

· Ensure room temperatures will be comfortable enough for participants and ensure facilities are outfitted with the planned audio/visual necessities.

· Although not a major hindrance in this workshop, try to provide funding for all participants.

· Obtain more funding to accommodate extra days to adequately cover workshop materials.

· Budget adequate funding to support sufficient number of instructors for the number of participants.

· Ensure adequate funding for workshop materials, primarily the high-in-demand toolkits.

· Continuing - We continue to maintain contact (primarily through electronic mail) with the participants and provide technical assistance and information as needed on AGRRA methods, data analysis and data interpretation.

· Continuing - We continue to update and maintain the AGRRA website as a source of information for participants.

· Underway - We are in the process of developing an AGRRA database for data collected using AGRRA surveys that will be made accessible to all via the web. The database should be on the web by late winter.

· Underway - Incorporate comments and recommendations from participants into improving training materials.

· To do - Have workshop leaders participate in AGRRA surveys or in follow-up field training with workshop participants. Two leaders worked in the field with a participant this summer.

Recommendations

To continue to build capacity of marine scientists and managers in the MBRS region, we recommend the following:

· Support a second AGRRA workshop in Honduras or Guatemala to include more representatives from these countries as well as to include those participants who could not attend the Akumal workshop because of space limitations.

· Support an AGRRA follow-up meeting for workshop participants that have conducted surveys in the MBRS to present, compare, and discuss their results.

· Promote and ensure funds and time are made available for AGRRA assessments in the MBRS (particularly for those who attended the workshop and are trained) as well as for other monitoring and mapping efforts.

· Promote communication and interactions within the MBRS region, especially with AGRRA workshop participants who have already established relations. Ensure workshop participants and other scientists and managers have the access, capacity, and ability to communicate via e-mail and the web to allow for better access of information.

· Provide technical and financial assistance to help maintain these communication systems.

· Identify promising young persons who could become reef specialists and promote their development.

· Provide scholarships for students, sabbaticals for experienced researchers, or other incentives to conduct research on issues related to the sustainability of the MBRS.

· Promote marine educational curricula focused on the sustainability of the MBRS as a region at different levels (e.g., elementary, secondary, etc).

· Promote the publication of science, management techniques, lessons learned or other materials related to the MBRS and supply these materials to all those involved.

· Support an annual meeting for those active in researching and managing reef resources of the MBRS region.

· Promote the dissemination of scientific information to the general public in an effective manor.

Appendix 1: Workshop Participants

Aguilar Gonzales, Jose Elias Honduras Coral Reef Fund Cayos Cochinos Research Station Apartado Postal 1053, La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras, C.A. Ph\Fx: La Ceiba: (504) 441-0701 Ph Station: (504) 440-0293	Alamilla, Miguel Hol Chan Marine Reserve PO Box 60 San Pedro Town Belize Ph: (501) 26 2247 Fx: (501)26 2420 E-mail: hcmr@btl.net

Beltrán-Torres, Aurora Urania El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Apartado Postal 424 Chetumal, Quintana Roo 77049 México Ph: (983) 2-16-66 Fx: (983) 2-04-47 E-mail: abeltran@ecosur-qroo.mx	Cubas Guerra, Herman Adoni Honduras Coral Reef Fund Cayos Cochinos Research Station Apartado Postal 1053, La Ceiba, Atlantida Honduras, C.A. Ph\Fx: La Ceiba: (504) 441-0701 Ph Station: (504) 440-0293

Fonseca, Ana CIMAR Sabanilla, San Jose Costa Rica Ph: (506)225-5532 Fx: (506)225-5532 E-mail: gutiher@sol.racsa.co.cr	Garcia-Beltran, Gerardo, Subdirector de Investigacion Parque Marino Nacional Costa Occidentral de Isla Mujeres Punta Cancun y Punta Nizuc Ed. Semarnap, Boulevard Kukulcan Km. 4.8 Hotel Zone Cancun, Q. ROO 77500 México Ph: (52) 98-83 26 00 Fx: (___)_IDEM_ E-mail: parquena@qroo1.telmex.net.mx

Garcia Saez, Carlos, Director Honduras Coral Reef Fund Cayos Cochinos Research Station Apartado Postal 1053, La Ceiba, Atlantida Honduras, C.A. Ph\Fx: Ceiba: (504) 441-0701 Ph Station: (504) 440-0293 E-mail: cgsaez@ibm.net	Garcia, Pedro Instituto de Oceanología. Ave. 1ra No. 18406 e/ 184 y 186 Playa, Ciudad de la Habana Cuba Ph: (53-7) 21-6008 Fx: (53-7) 24-4255 E-mail: ecomar@oceano.inf. cu

Garza Perez, Joaquin Rodrigo Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. A.P. 73 CORDEMEX Mérida, Yucatán 97310 México Ph: (99) 81 29 03 ext 283 Fx: (99) 81 29 17 Email:joaquing@kin.cieamer.conacyt.mx	Gil, Maria, F., Marine Biologist INVEMAR (Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras) A.A. 1016 Santa Marta Colombia Ph: (57-5) 4214774 Fx: (57-5) 4211377 Email: caricomp@invemar.org.co

Gojon Salinas, Oscar Reserva de la Biosfera Banco Chinchorro Blbv. Kukulcan Km 4.5 Cancun, Quintana Roo México Ph\Fx: (52) 98 83-1752 Email: Oscar_Gojon@excite.com	Gomez, Dylan T., Manager Bacalar Chico Nat’l Park and Marine Reserve PO Box 60 San Pedro Town, Belize Ph: (501) 14-7308, (501) 2-31439 Fx: (501)-2-35738 Email work: bchico@btl.net

Herrera Pavon, Roberto Luis, Academic Technic El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Carretera Chetumal-Bacalar Km 2 Chetumal, Quintana Roo 424 México Ph: (983)21666-20076 Fax:(983) 20447 E-mail: rherrera@ecosur-qroo.mx	Huitron-Baca, Juan Carlos, Subdirector de Operaciones Parque Marino Nacional Costa Occidental de Isla Mujeres Punta Cancun y Punta Nizuc Semarnap Bldg. Boulevard Kukulcan Km. 4.8 Hotel zone Cancun, Q. ROO 77500 México Ph: (52) 98 83 26 00 Fax: (___)IDEM E-mail: parquena@qroo1.telmex.net.mx

Ibarra-Navarro, Roberto, Inspector Reserva de La Biosfera de Sian Kaan Sian Kaan Semarnap Bldg. Boulevard Kukulcan Km. 4.8 Hotel zone Cancun, Q. ROO 77500, México Ph: (52) 98 83 05 63 Fax: (___) IDEM E-mail:siankaan@qroo1.telmex.net.mx	Kelsey, Jonathan University College of Belize Marine Research Center PO Box 487, Belize City Belize Ph: (501) 2-30258 x149 Fax: (501) 2-30255 Email: jkelsey@ucb.edu.bz

Loreto-Viruel, Rosa Maria, Reef Project Coordinator Civil Association Amigos de Sian Ka’an D 50 Cancun, Q. ROO 77500 México Ph: (52) 98 84 95 83, 87 30 80 ext. 19 Fax: ext 16 E-mail: sian@cancun.com.mx	Menedez, Grisel Instituto de Oceanologia. Ave. 1ra No. 18406 e/ 184 y 186 Playa, Ciudad de la Habana Cuba Ph: (53-7) 21-6008 Fax: (53-7) 24-4255 E-mail: ecomar@oceano.inf. cu

Reveles Gonzalez, Barbara Reserva de la Biosfera Banco Chinchorro Blbv. Kukulcan Km 4.5 Cancun, Quintana Roo México Ph\Fx: (52) 98 83-1752 Email: revelesbar@hotmail.com	Robinson, Julianne S. Belize Audubon Society PO Box 1001, Belize City Belize Ph: (501) 2-34421, 35004, 34987, 34988 Fax: (501) 2-34985 Email: jsr@btl.net

Ruiz Zárate, Miguel Angel Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. A.P. 73 CORDEMEX Mérida State, Yucatán 97310 México Ph: (99) 81 29 03 ext 283 Fax: (99) 81 29 17 E-mail: mruiz@kin.cieamer.conacyt.mx	Slingsby, Shauna Nicole Centro Ecológico Akumal Apartado Postal #2 Akumal, Quintana Roo 77760 México Ph: (52) 987-59095 Ph: (52) 987-59091 E-mail: oseana@mail.caribe.net.mx

Vargas-Hernández, Juan M, Facultad de Biología Universidad Veracruzana Xalapa, Ver. 755 México Ph: (28) 421748 Fax: (28)421748 Email: jvlaz@ver1.telmex.net.mx orion@dino.coacade.uv.mx

Return to AGRRA home page		Last updated: 20 November, 2000
Robert N. Ginsburg Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment MGG-RSMAS, University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 USA		Tel: (305) 421-4664 Fax: (305) 421-4094 Email: agrra@rsmas.miami.edu URL: http://www.agrra.org